Orkney Islands, Scotland
Orkney Islands: Facts, Top Locations & Tours
Orkney, also referred to as the Orkney Islands or The Orkneys, is an archipelago located in the Northern Isles of Scotland, just off the northern coast of Great Britain. Orkney consists of approximately 70 islands, with 20 of them being inhabited. The Mainland, the largest of these islands, covers an area of 523 square kilometres, ranking as the sixth-largest Scottish island and the tenth-largest in the British Isles.
The main reason people end up visiting Orkney is owed to the incredible amount of neolithic history that can be found scattered across the islands. From the over 5,000’s year old preserved civilisation, Skara Brae, to the epic standing stones of Stenness and Brodgar, not to mention the many burial cairns you can enter in and explore!
In this article, we’ll be heading back in time to give you the top facts, history, best locations to visit and tours you can take to fully experience what Orkney has to offer.
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Tours to the Orkney Islands
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12 fascinating facts about Orkney, Scotland
An Ancient Archipelago – Orkney consists of around 70 islands, with only about 20 being inhabited. It has been home to humans for over 8,500 years.
The Heart of Neolithic Orkney – The islands boast some of Europe’s best-preserved Neolithic sites, including Skara Brae, the Ring of Brodgar, Maeshowe, and the Stones of Stenness, all part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
More Tombs Than Egypt – The Neolithic chambered tombs in Orkney outnumber Egypt’s pyramids, with over 600 discovered burial cairns across the islands.
Orkney Was Once Norwegian – The islands were under Norse rule for over 600 years, only becoming part of Scotland in 1468 when the King of Norway pledged them as a dowry for his daughter’s marriage to the King of Scotland.
5. A Viking Legacy – Many place names in Orkney have Norse origins, and the local dialect still carries traces of Old Norse influences.
6. The Italian Chapel (pictured) – This beautifully decorated chapel was built by Italian prisoners of war during World War II using leftover materials and scrap metal.
7. Scapa Flow’s Naval History – Orkney was a crucial naval base in both World Wars. The German fleet was scuttled here in 1919, and the area is now a popular diving site with well-preserved wrecks.
8. The Churchill Barriers – These causeways, connecting some of Orkney’s islands, were built during World War II as naval defenses against German submarines.
9. A Haven for Wildlife – Orkney is famous for its seabird colonies, including puffins, Arctic terns, and great skuas, as well as seals, dolphins, and even orcas.
10. Orkney’s Unique Flag – Unlike Scotland’s blue and white Saltire, Orkney has its own red, blue, and yellow flag, inspired by both Scottish and Norwegian heritage.
11. Highland Park Whisky – Orkney is home to one of Scotland’s oldest distilleries, Highland Park, which has been producing whisky since 1798.
12. No Tartan, No Clans – Unlike much of Scotland, Orkney has no real clan system or tartan tradition, as its history is more Viking than Highland.
History of the Orkney Islands
The Orkney Islands have a history stretching back thousands of years, with evidence of human settlement dating as far back as 8,500 years ago.
The islands are home to some of the best-preserved Neolithic sites in Europe, forming part of the Heart of Neolithic Orkney, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The most famous of these is Skara Brae, a well-preserved prehistoric village older than Stonehenge and the Great Pyramids.
Other ancient structures, such as the Ring of Brodgar, the Stones of Stenness, and Maeshowe, provide a glimpse into the lives of the early settlers who built monumental stone structures and burial cairns, leaving behind a remarkable archaeological legacy.
During the early medieval period, the Orkney Islands became a crucial part of the Norse world. The islands fell under Viking control in the 9th century, becoming a vital hub for Norse seafarers who established settlements and trade routes. Orkney remained under Norwegian rule for over 600 years, with its earls wielding considerable power.
The Norse influence can still be seen today in place names, traditions, and even elements of the local dialect (pictured is St Magnus’ cathedral - A Norse Catholic convert). In 1468, the islands were pledged to Scotland as part of a dowry when the King of Norway and Denmark arranged the marriage of his daughter, Margaret, to King James III of Scotland. Though originally meant as collateral, Norway never reclaimed the territory, and Orkney officially became part of Scotland.
The Orkney Islands played a significant role in more recent history, particularly during both World Wars. The sheltered waters of Scapa Flow served as a key naval base for the British fleet, and it was here that the German High Seas Fleet was scuttled in 1919 following Germany’s defeat in World War I.
The strategic importance of the islands continued in World War II, leading to the construction of the Churchill Barriers, which linked several of the islands to block potential submarine attacks.
Today, Orkney’s history is still visible in its landscapes, from ancient stone circles to wartime relics, making it one of the most historically rich locations in Scotland alongside Kilmartin glen in Argyll.
What Languages do they Speak on the Orkney Islands?
The Orkney Islands primarily speak English, but the local dialect, known as Orcadian, has distinct influences from Scots and Old Norse. Historically, the islands were under Norse rule for over 600 years, and as a result, a language called Norn—a North Germanic language related to Old Norse—was spoken in Orkney until it gradually disappeared by the 18th century.
While Norn is now extinct, many Norse words and phrases have survived in the local Orcadian dialect, giving it a unique character compared to mainland Scottish accents.
When is the Best Time to Visit?
The best time to visit the Orkney Islands depends on what you want to experience, but generally, May to September is the most popular period due to milder weather, longer daylight hours, and an abundance of wildlife. During these months, the days are long, especially in June and July, when the sun barely sets, creating the famous "Simmer Dim", Orkney’s version of the midnight sun.
This is also when the islands are at their greenest, and many historical sites and visitor attractions operate at full capacity.
For wildlife enthusiasts, spring and early summer (April to June) are fantastic times to visit, as thousands of seabirds, including puffins, guillemots, and Arctic terns, nest on the coastal cliffs. This is also when the islands come alive with wildflowers, and the weather is generally calmer and drier than later in the year.
If you're interested in Orkney’s Neolithic history, visiting outside the peak tourist months, such as late September or early October, can allow for a more peaceful experience at sites like Skara Brae and the Ring of Brodgar (pictured).
Winter (November to March) is the quietest time, with fewer visitors and shorter days. However, if you don’t mind the cold and occasional storms, it’s a great time to experience the dramatic landscapes, wild seas, and even the Northern Lights, which are sometimes visible on clear nights. Some attractions and accommodations may have reduced hours or close for the season, so planning ahead is essential.
The Top 6 Places to Visit on Orkney
Skara Brae
One of the most significant Neolithic sites in Europe, Skara Brae is often referred to as Scotland’s Pompeii due to its incredible state of preservation.
Discovered in 1850 after a powerful storm exposed the remains, this prehistoric village dates back over 5,000 years, making it older than both Stonehenge and the Great Pyramids.
You can walk among the well-preserved stone houses, complete with stone furniture, hearths, and passageways, offering a rare glimpse into the daily lives of Orkney’s earliest settlers.
2. Maeshowe
Maeshowe is one of the finest chambered tombs in Scotland, built around 2800 BC and aligned with the winter solstice. Each year, the setting sun perfectly illuminates its central chamber, showcasing the architectural precision of Orkney’s Neolithic builders. While the tomb itself is an incredible feat of engineering, what makes it even more fascinating are the Viking runes carved into the stone walls during the 12th century, when Norse warriors took shelter inside.
These inscriptions, regarded as some of the finest examples of Norse graffiti in the world, add an unexpected layer of history to this already remarkable site. Unfortunately, you’re not allowed to take photos or videos inside the cairn so we have nothing but a hill to show you!
3. The Ring of Brodgar
A massive stone circle dating back to 2500–2000 BC, the Ring of Brodgar is one of Britain’s most iconic prehistoric monuments. Originally consisting of 60 standing stones, with 36 still standing today, this Neolithic henge is a mystery, as its exact purpose remains unknown.
Some believe it was used for ceremonial or astronomical purposes, aligning with the movements of the sun and moon. Surrounded by Loch Harray and Loch Stenness, the site’s location adds to its beauty, making it one of the most atmospheric and visually striking places on the Orkney Islands.
To visit these locations and also some of the best locations throughout the Highlands of Scotland, check out this tours itinerary - A 5-day trip to Orkney.
4. The Standing Stones of Stenness
Standing at nearly six metres tall, the Standing Stones of Stenness are some of the oldest stone circles in Britain, predating even the Ring of Brodgar. This ancient site is thought to have been part of a larger ceremonial complex and may have played a significant role in rituals, gatherings, or astronomical observations.
Only four stones remain standing today, but their towering presence against Orkney’s rugged landscape makes them an awe-inspiring sight. The stones, along with the Ring of Brodgar and Maeshowe, form part of the Heart of Neolithic Orkney, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
5. Kirkwall
The vibrant capital of Orkney, Kirkwall is a fascinating blend of history, culture, and island charm. The town is best known for St Magnus Cathedral, a stunning 12th-century Norse-built church that dominates the skyline and is often called the "Light of the North."
Kirkwall is also home to the Earl’s and Bishop’s Palaces (pictuered), both linked to Orkney’s Viking and medieval past. With quaint streets, local craft shops, and excellent whisky distilleries, Kirkwall is the perfect place to experience Orkney’s rich heritage while enjoying the comforts of a modern island town.
6. The Italian Chapel
A symbol of hope, the Italian Chapel is one of the most unique attractions on the Orkney Islands. Built by Italian prisoners of war during World War II, this small but beautifully decorated chapel was constructed using scrap materials and leftover military supplies.
The prisoners, who were held on Orkney while working on the Churchill Barriers, transformed two Nissen huts into a stunning place of worship, hand-painting intricate frescoes that remain remarkably well-preserved today.
It’s a truly remarkable place to visit and I totally recommend adding it to your Orkney must-see list.
Tours to Orkney & Similar Tours of Scotland
The following are a selection of tours - Orkney, and related multi-day tours. If you’re looking for a more personalised experience of Scotland, consider taking a private tour.
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